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In contrast to Lemebel, Victor Hugo Robles sided with Rodríguez, who in 1995 supported the Chilean LGBT movement in its attempt to derogate Article 365. Individuals considered counter-revolutionary, religious dissidents, and critically, homosexuals, were sent to these remote facilities.
While Che Guevara was not directly in charge of the UMAP system at its inception, his earlier ideological influence and leadership roles in the nascent revolutionary government laid foundational precedents for such coercive institutions.
'Improper Conduct' as a Crime
In the revolutionary fervor after the Cuban Revolution, the concept of "improper conduct" became a broad and vaguely defined offense.
This prevailing view fueled state-sanctioned discrimination, contributing significantly to a climate of fear and persecution.
Prominent figures, such as the writer Reinaldo Arenas, vividly documented the systemic persecution and the severe repercussions faced by homosexuals under these repressive policies.
The Slogan: 'Work Will Make You Men'
The slogan "Work Will Make You Men" was prominently associated with the UMAP camps and encapsulated a pervasive attitude.
The reforms reflect a progressive evolution in the nation's human rights landscape.
CENESEX continues to work towards eliminating discrimination and fostering a more equitable society for all Cubans. Porque ver a un homosexual con una camiseta del Che Guevara celebrando su condición de homosexual sería como ver a un judío con una camiseta con la imagen de Hitler celebrando su condición de judío.
Hemos fusilado, fusilamos y seguiremos fusilandoChe Guevara
Esto último no se ve, pero lo primero sí.
They had both joined the crew of Che Guevara impersonators including, most notably, Omar Sharif, Antonio Banderas, Madonna, Cher and, more recently, Benicio del Toro. Invested with iconography of contagion and contamination (of message, political views, and purity), Robles’ figure alluded to biological contagions and explored the ways in which the concept of disease had framed culturally resonant behaviors like radicalism or homosexuality.
Indeed, weakness and infirmity are a common thread in Gael García Bernal’s and Víctor Hugo Robles’ impersonations.
La primera la recoge Enrique Díaz Araujo, tomada a su vez de Paco Ignacio Taibo II, quien cita a Hilda Gadea, la primera esposa de Guevara. I believe he is inspired by the dead Che, therefore, it is an interesting gesture, a disconsolate gesture, that links him more to the pathetic Che, the pathetic quality of a disarmed prophet, a semi-armed prophet. In fact, Soderbergh’s film faced difficulties in finding an audience both domestically ($1,497,109 in box office in a film that some speculate cost as much as 30 million) and abroad (figures vary, but 9 million as the most generous).
Nothing is further from Gael García Bernal’s blockbuster impersonation of a pre-ideological Ernesto Guevara than Víctor Hugo Robles’ rendition of Che.
Unlike the Hollywood stars who glamorously impersonated Guevara, Robles, with his trademark guerrillero look, had a specific queer left-wing political agenda. Autores poco simpatizantes con el Che Guevara como Álvaro Vargas Llosa y Jacobo Machover señalan la continuidad entre el campo de Guanahacabibes y las posteriores UMAP, pero, a diferencia de quienes los citan, se cuidan de no atribuir directamente a Guevara la persecución contra hombres no heterosexuales y, posteriormente, contra seropositivos.
Es alguien que busca el poder abandonándolo, hay algo en la figura misma de Víctor Hugo Robles que le permite jugar bien ese papel, y donde se une la simbología cristiana con la simbología política, entonces yo creo que es una performance interesante, muy interesante.”
(“He has a helpless appearance; he cannot represent the Che of the carbine rifle; he represents a certain Che, the defeated Che, and he uses images of defeat.
El no representa el realismo, sino que el idealismo, el gesto. Este dato, que parece inocuo e incontrovertible, es uno de los muchos aspectos de la vida del Che cuestionados en biografías como Che: una vida revolucionaria. Though seduced by the combatant image of Che, most emblematically captured by Cuban photographer Alberto Korda’s now-legendary photograph, another image also haunts the performance of El Che de los gays, that taken by Bolivian photographer Freddy Alborta of the deceased Che Guevara as he lay dead on a table surrounded by his captors.
In the documentary, Alvarez gives particular prominence to an interview with sociologist Tomás Moulián.
En ambos casos, acude a estas citas en vez de a los numerosos textos publicados por Guevara ante la imposibilidad de hallar en ellos lo que el periodista busca de antemano. Documentaries likeActores secundarios by Pachi Bustos and Jorge Leiva, about politicized secondary school students, Malditos: La historia de los Fiskales Ad-Hok by Pablo Insunza, about the Chilean musical counterculture in the 80s, and El Che de los gays challenge the so called de-politicization of Chilean youth popularized by many, including Guzmán himself in films like La memoria obstinada.
Alvarez’s documentary explores a tension in the character constructed by Robles.
Chesucristo). The short documentary El Che de los gays, directed by Arturo Álvarez and produced by Pamela Sierra in the short-film category, achieved sudden notoriety because of the dialogue that Víctor Hugo Robles, a charismatic and media savvy figure himself, attempted to establish with the superstar through the local media in Viña del Mar.
Both films were presenting a different spin on the historical figure of Ernesto Che Guevara.